Here, PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. The PCI bus was developed by Intel and became widespread around 1994. It was used to add expansion cards such as extra serial or USB ports, network interfaces, sound cards, modems, disk controllers, or video cards. Many devices that formerly required an expansion card can now be connected […]

Addition Rules of binary addition 0 + 0 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 1 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 10 Example unsigned binary integer Example 01 0000 0101 —- 0101 Example 02 1000 0101 —- 1101 Example 03 11011000 01010110 ——– 100101110 Subtraction Subtraction rules: 0 – 0 = 0 […]

A cache mapping process refers to the process of moving data from main memory to cache memory. Cache hit If there is a cache hit, word is fetched from cache memory to the CPU. Cache miss If there is a cache miss, word is searched in the memory, than its copied from main memory to […]

Locality of reference, also known as the principle of locality, is the tendency of a processor to access the same set of memory locations repetitively over a short period of time. The computer program’s tendency to access instructions whose addresses are close together is referred to as locality of reference. Two type of locality Temporal […]

What is Cache memory ? Cache memory is an extremely fast memory used in computers to compensate for the performance difference between main memory access time and processor logic. Cache memory is placed between the CPU and the main memory. The cache memory access time is 5 to 10 times faster than the main memory […]

Two copies of the same data can exist in a cache system at the same time, one in cache and the other in main memory. The problem is, If one copy is changed while the other remains unchanged, two sets of data are linked with the same address. In order to prevent this the cache […]

Run the first program Step1: Open GNU Sim 8085 this window will open. Step2: Start writing the code after start: nop mvi a, 12h mvi b, 18h add b Step 3: Click on reset and reset all the registers by clicking on reset all. Step 4: Click on the highlighted button to execute the code […]

Array can be seen as collection of variables. An variable is declared as : a DB 2b DB 3c DB 4 Here, a, b and c are variable names. And 2, 3, 4 are values assigned to them. An array is declaed as: d DB 2, 3, 4 Array eg. 01: Use of DUP operator […]

To know use of registers in Assembly language programming, take a program example. ORG 100hMOV AX, 0B800hMOV DS, AXMOV CL, ‘A’MOV CH, 1101_1111bMOV BX, 15EhMOV [BX], CXRET What is h and b in this program ? Number system :Binary number (b) : 0,1Hexadecimal number (h) : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F What are AX, BX, etc. in this program […]

Q. Consider a direct mapped cache of size 16 KB with block size of 256 bytes. The size of main memory is 128 KB. 1. Find number of bits in tag 2. Find tag directory size Ans. First we have to find the number of bits in each given memory. Cache of size = 16 KB = 214 bytes […]

The symbolic notation used to describe the micro operation transfers among register is called a register transfer language.A register transfer language is a system for expressing in symbolic form the micro operation sequences among the register of a digital module. For example, R1 ← R2 This statement denotes a transfer of the content of register […]

Addressing modes are the ways through which operands are specified.   The address field in a typical instruction formats are relatively small. This address field is used to reference the operand in the memory. Different addressing modes are: Immediate addressing mode Direct addressing mode Indirect addresing mode Register direct addressing mode Register indirect addressing mode Displacement […]

A Bus is a collection of wires that connects several devices.  Buses are used to send control signals and data between the processor and other components This is to achieve a  reasonable speed of operation.  In computer system all the peripherals are connected to microprocessor through Bus. Types of Bus structure: Address bus   Data bus  […]

Registers are temporary storage locations inside the CPU. A register is a very very fast memory that is built into the CPU. Registers are used to store data temporarily.. Different processors have different register. Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, for example, an 8-bit register means it can store […]

Logic gate: Block of hardware’s, on getting input they produce output 0 or 1. Input for logic gates are either 0 or 1. Output for logic gates are either 0 or 1. Each logic gate has its symbol. Operations of logic gate are represented by algebraic expressions. Names of logic gates: AND logic gate OR […]

Computer consists of a set of hardwares and softwares. A computer system can be viewed as a  combination of input, processing and output  subsystems.Input –> Process –> OutputHardware examples: Keyboard Monitor Mouse, etc. Software examples: Operating system Computer games Antivirus, etc. Case The computer case comtains most of the computer components.  Power supply A power […]