SQL | DDL, DML, DCL COMMANDS
Structured Query Language(SQL) is the database language which is used to perform certain operations on the existing database and also this language is used to create a database. SQL uses certain commands like Create, Drop, Insert etc. to carry out the required tasks.
These some SQL commands are categories as discussed below:
DDL(Data Definition Language) : DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can be used to define the database schema. It simply deals with descriptions of the database schema and is used to create and modify the structure of database objects in database.
Examples of DDL commands:
CREATE :– is used to create the database or its objects (like table, index, function, views, store procedure and triggers).
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student(RollNumber varchar(20), StudentName varchar(255), CollegeName varchar(255), Address varchar(255) );
CREATE TABLE Student(RollNumber varchar(20), StudentName varchar(255), CollegeName varchar(255), Address varchar(255) );
DROP :– is used to delete objects from the database.
Example:
DROP TABLE Student;
Example:
DROP TABLE Student;
ALTER :-is used to alter the structure of the database.
Example:
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Email varchar(255);
ALTER TABLE Student ADD Email varchar(255);
TRUNCATE :–is used to remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed.
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
COMMENT :–is used to add comments to the data dictionary. Use “–” or this “/* */” symbols for comment.
Example:
–TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
or
/* TRUNCATE TABLE Student; */
RENAME :–is used to rename an object existing in the database.
–TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
or
/* TRUNCATE TABLE Student; */
RENAME :–is used to rename an object existing in the database.
Example:
ALTER TABLE Student RENAME TO Vidhyarthi;
ALTER TABLE Student RENAME TO Vidhyarthi;
DML(Data Manipulation Language) : The SQL commands that deals with the manipulation of data present in database belong to DML or Data Manipulation Language and this includes most of the SQL statements.
Examples of DML commands:
SELECT :– is used to retrieve data from the a database.
Example:
SELECT * FROM Student;
SELECT * FROM Student;
INSERT :– is used to insert data into a table.
Example:
INSERT INTO Student(RollNumber, StudentName varchar, CollegeName, Address) VALUES (‘123CS2019’, ‘Jayesh’, ‘ATC’, ‘Indore’);
Example:
INSERT INTO Student(RollNumber, StudentName varchar, CollegeName, Address) VALUES (‘123CS2019’, ‘Jayesh’, ‘ATC’, ‘Indore’);
UPDATE :– is used to update existing data within a table.
Example:
UPDATE Student SET StudentName = ‘Kumar’, City= ‘Burhanpur’
WHERE RollNumber = ‘123CS2019’;
UPDATE Student SET StudentName = ‘Kumar’, City= ‘Burhanpur’
WHERE RollNumber = ‘123CS2019’;
DELETE :– is used to delete records from a database table.
Example:
DELETE FROM Student WHERE RollNumber=’123CS2019′;
DELETE FROM Student WHERE RollNumber=’123CS2019′;
DCL(Data Control Language) : DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.
Examples of DCL commands:
GRANT :-gives user’s access privileges to database.
Example:
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Student TO ‘Jayesh’;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON Student TO ‘Jayesh’;
REVOKE :-withdraw user’s access privileges given by using the GRANT command.
Example:
REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON Student TO ‘Jayesh’;
Example:
REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON Student TO ‘Jayesh’;
More topics from DBMS to read:
EasyExamNotes.com covered following topics in these notes.
- Introduction to Database
- Introduction to DBMS
- Advantages and disadvantages of DBMS
- DML, DDL and DCL
- Domains
- Introduction to data models
- Entities and Attributes
- Relationship among entities
- Tuples
- Attributes
- Relation
- Keys
- Relational Database
- Twelve rules of CODD
- Schemas
- Integrity Constraints
- Normalization
- Functional dependency
- Transaction processing concepts
- Schedule
- Serializability
- OODBMS vs RDBMS
- RDBMS
- SQL join
- SQL functions: SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), MIN(), COUNT().
- Block, Extent, Segment
- Oracle Background processes
- Trigger
- Oracle cursor
- Introduction to Concurrency Control
A list of Video lectures
References:
- Korth, Silbertz,Sudarshan, “Fundamental of Database System”, McGraw Hill
- Atul Kahate , “ Introduction to Database Management System”, Pearson Educations