Discuss the bus arbitration.OR Write a short note on bus arbitration.

Bus arbitration is a crucial mechanism in computer systems where multiple devices, such as masters and slaves, are connected to a shared communication bus. This mechanism determines which device gets to access the bus at any given time, especially when multiple devices are trying to access it simultaneously.

There are three common methods used for bus arbitration:

1. Daisy Chaining:
   • This method is simple and cost-effective.
   • All masters share the same line for requesting access to the bus.
   • The bus grant signal moves sequentially through each master until it reaches the one currently requesting access.
2. Parallel Arbitration:
   • Parallel arbitration involves a priority encoder and decoder.
   • Each bus arbiter has both a bus request output line and input line.
   • The priority encoder determines which device has the highest priority to access the bus, and the decoder translates this into granting access accordingly.
3. Independent Priority:
   • In this method, each master has its own pair of bus request and bus grant lines.
   • Each pair is assigned a priority level.
   • When multiple devices request access simultaneously, the one with the highest priority, as determined by its assigned priority level, is granted access to the bus.