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Explain the concept of vertical and horizontal multi-programming

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By Dipali Umre

Vertical Micro-programming:

  1. Micro-Instruction Content:
    • Each line of the micro-program represents a micro-instruction.
    • Each micro-instruction specifies one or more micro-operations.
  2. Execution:
    • One micro-instruction is executed during each step of the control sequence.
    • Straight binary code is used to specify each micro-operation.
  3. Decoding:
    • The micro-instruction field can be divided into subfields.
    • These subfields can be independently decoded using separate decoders.
  4. Cost-Effective Design:
    • This design is more cost-effective because it allows for independent decoding of micro-operations.
    • If the system needs N micro-operations, log2 N bits are required to specify a micro-operation.
  5. Bit Requirement:
    • If only one micro-operation is allowed per micro-instruction, log2 N bits are needed per micro-instruction.

Horizontal Micro-programming:

  1. Bit Association:
    • Each bit of the micro-instruction is associated with a specific micro-operation (e.g., bit I represents micro-operation I).
  2. Execution:
    • A micro-operation is executed during a micro-instruction step only if the corresponding bit is one.
  3. Decoder Not Required:
    • No micro-code decoder is needed because there is no coding involved.
  4. Bit Requirement:
    • This scheme requires N bits per micro-instruction to accommodate N different micro-operations.
  5. Advantage:
    • Multiple micro-operations can be executed during each micro-instruction step.
    • It allows for executing all micro-operations in a single micro-instruction.
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