1. Which protocol is commonly used for routing between autonomous systems in the Internet?
a) RIP
b) OSPF
c) BGP
d) TCP
Answer: c) BGP
Explanation: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an exterior gateway protocol used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems on the Internet.
2. What is the concept of a hidden network in BGP?
a) A network that is not advertised to neighboring routers
b) A network with limited access permissions
c) A network with encrypted data transmission
d) A network that is unreachable due to routing issues
Answer: a) A network that is not advertised to neighboring routers
Explanation: In BGP, a hidden network refers to a network prefix that is not advertised to neighboring routers, often used for internal purposes within an autonomous system.
3. Which protocol is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)?
a) BGP
b) OSPF
c) TCP
d) UDP
Answer: b) OSPF
Explanation: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an Interior Gateway Protocol used for routing within an autonomous system.
4. What is the primary function of an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)?
a) Routing within an autonomous system
b) Routing between autonomous systems
c) Routing within a local network
d) Ensuring data integrity during transmission
Answer: b) Routing between autonomous systems
Explanation: An Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) is designed for routing between different autonomous systems.
5. Which protocol is an example of an Interior Gateway Protocol that uses distance-vector routing?
a) OSPF
b) BGP
c) RIP
d) TCP
Answer: c) RIP
Explanation: RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is an Interior Gateway Protocol that uses distance-vector routing to determine the best path to a destination network.
6. What is the function of multiplexing in networking?
a) Ensuring secure data transmission
b) Combining multiple data streams into a single stream
c) Managing network congestion
d) Detecting errors in data transmission
Answer: b) Combining multiple data streams into a single stream
Explanation: Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple data streams into a single stream for transmission over a shared medium.
7. Which protocol is responsible for establishing and maintaining reliable connections between hosts on a network?
a) RIP
b) OSPF
c) TCP
d) UDP
Answer: c) TCP
Explanation: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is responsible for establishing and maintaining reliable connections between hosts on a network.
8. What is the purpose of the Three-Way Handshake in TCP?
a) To synchronize sequence numbers
b) To establish a secure connection
c) To exchange routing information
d) To manage congestion control
Answer: a) To synchronize sequence numbers
Explanation: The Three-Way Handshake in TCP is used to synchronize sequence numbers and establish a connection between client and server.
9. Which TCP algorithm adjusts the size of the transmission window based on network conditions?
a) Silly Window Syndrome
b) Flow control
c) Variable window size
d) Three-Way Handshake
Answer: c) Variable window size
Explanation: The Variable window size in TCP adjusts the size of the transmission window based on network conditions to optimize data transfer.
10. Which TCP algorithm helps to avoid unnecessary retransmissions of data?
a) Silly Window Syndrome
b) Flow control
c) Timeout and Retransmission
d) Three-Way Handshake
Answer: c) Timeout and Retransmission
Explanation: The Timeout and Retransmission algorithm in TCP helps to avoid unnecessary retransmissions of data by detecting lost packets and retransmitting them after a timeout period.
11. Which protocol is commonly used for real-time communication applications such as VoIP and video streaming?
a) TCP
b) UDP
c) BGP
d) OSPF
Answer: b) UDP
Explanation: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is commonly used for real-time communication applications due to its lower overhead and faster transmission speed compared to TCP.
12. What is the primary advantage of UDP over TCP for certain types of applications?
a) Guaranteed delivery of packets
b) Connection-oriented communication
c) Lower overhead and faster transmission speed
d) Support for flow control
Answer: c) Lower overhead and faster transmission speed
Explanation: UDP has lower overhead and faster transmission speed compared to TCP, making it suitable for applications where timely delivery is prioritized over reliability.
13. Which TCP variant introduced the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) mechanism for improving performance?
a) Tahoe
b) Reno
c) Silly Window Syndrome
d) Flow control
Answer: b) Reno
Explanation: TCP Reno introduced the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) mechanism to improve performance by allowing the receiver to acknowledge out-of-order packets.
14. What does TCP’s Synchronization mechanism ensure?
a) Secure data transmission
b) Accurate sequence number tracking
c) Efficient use of network bandwidth
d) Real-time communication
Answer: b) Accurate sequence number tracking
Explanation: TCP’s Synchronization mechanism ensures accurate sequence number tracking between sender and receiver for reliable data transmission.
15. Which UDP header field is used for checksum verification?
a) Source port
b) Destination port
c) Length
d) Checksum
Answer: d) Checksum
Explanation: The checksum field in the UDP header is used for verifying the integrity of the UDP packet.
16. In TCP, what is the purpose of flow control?
a) To synchronize sequence numbers
b) To avoid unnecessary retransmissions
c) To manage congestion
d) To regulate the flow of data between sender and receiver
Answer: d) To regulate the flow of data between sender and receiver
Explanation: Flow control in TCP regulates the flow of data between sender and receiver to ensure efficient transmission without overwhelming the receiver.
17. Which protocol is commonly used for routing within a single autonomous system?
a) BGP
b) OSPF
c) RIP
d) TCP
Answer: b) OSPF
Explanation: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is commonly used for routing within a single autonomous system as an Interior Gateway Protocol.
18. What is the purpose of TCP’s Silly Window Syndrome avoidance mechanism?
a) To synchronize sequence numbers
b) To regulate the flow of data
c) To prevent small segments from being transmitted inefficiently
d) To manage congestion control
Answer: c) To prevent small segments from being transmitted inefficiently
Explanation: TCP’s Silly Window Syndrome avoidance mechanism prevents small segments from being transmitted inefficiently by delaying the transmission until a sufficient amount of data is available.
19. Which TCP variant introduced the concept of Fast Retransmit?
a) Tahoe
b) Reno
c) SACK
d) Flow control
Answer: b) Reno
Explanation: TCP Reno introduced the concept of Fast Retransmit to quickly retransmit lost packets upon the receipt of duplicate acknowledgments.
20. Which UDP field indicates the length of the UDP datagram including the header?
a) Source port
b) Destination port
c) Length
d) Checksum
Answer: c) Length
Explanation: The length field in the UDP header indicates the length of the UDP datagram including the header.
21. Which TCP algorithm adjusts the transmission rate based on network congestion?
a) Silly Window Syndrome
b) Flow control
c) Congestion control
d) Three-Way Handshake
Answer: c) Congestion control
Explanation: The Congestion control algorithm in TCP adjusts the transmission rate based on network congestion to avoid network congestion collapse.
22. Which protocol is responsible for determining the best path to a destination network within an autonomous system?
a) BGP
b) OSPF
c) RIP
d) TCP
Answer: b) OSPF
Explanation: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is responsible for determining the best path to a destination network within an autonomous system.
23. What is the primary function of BGP’s UPDATE message?
a) Advertising new routes
b) Establishing connections
c) Synchronizing sequence numbers
d) Managing congestion control
Answer: a) Advertising new routes
Explanation: BGP’s UPDATE message is primarily used for advertising new routes to neighboring routers.
24. Which TCP variant introduced the concept of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)?
a) Tahoe
b) Reno
c) SACK
d) Flow control
Answer: b) Reno
Explanation: TCP Reno introduced the concept of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to provide early notification of network congestion to sender and receiver.
25. What does TCP’s Flow Control mechanism aim to prevent?
a) Network congestion
b) Packet loss
c) Slow transmission rates
d) Receiver buffer overflow
Answer: d) Receiver buffer overflow
Explanation: TCP’s Flow Control mechanism aims to prevent receiver buffer overflow by regulating the flow of data from sender to receiver.
26. Which TCP header field indicates the size of the data in the TCP segment?
a) Source port
b) Destination port
c) Sequence number
d) Data offset
Answer: d) Data offset
Explanation: The data offset field in the TCP header indicates the size of the data in the TCP segment.
27. What is the primary purpose of UDP’s Message Encapsulation?
a) Ensuring data integrity
b) Establishing connections
c) Regulating flow control
d) Adding a UDP header to the data
Answer: d) Adding a UDP header to the data
Explanation: UDP’s Message Encapsulation involves adding a UDP header to the data before transmission over the network.
28. Which TCP variant introduced the concept of Time-Based Retransmission?
a) Tahoe
b) Reno
c) SACK
d) Flow control
Answer: a) Tahoe
Explanation: TCP Tahoe introduced the concept of Time-Based Retransmission to retransmit lost packets after a certain timeout period.
29. In BGP, what is the function of the KEEPALIVE message?
a) Advertising new routes
b) Establishing connections
c) Monitoring the liveliness of the connection
d) Negotiating parameters for the connection
Answer: c) Monitoring the liveliness of the connection
Explanation: In BGP, the KEEPALIVE message is used to monitor the liveliness of the connection between BGP peers.
30. What is the purpose of the TCP header’s Urgent Pointer field?
a) To indicate the end of the data segment
b) To specify urgent data requiring immediate attention
c) To synchronize sequence numbers
d) To negotiate window size
Answer: b) To specify urgent data requiring immediate attention
Explanation: The Urgent Pointer field in the TCP header is used to specify urgent data requiring immediate attention by the receiver.